All agape

Provided by New Zealand Lifestyle Block, incorporating Growing Today, magazine.

If your bird is coughing and gasping, it could be a sneaky little worm.

When NZ Lifestyle Block reader Martin saw his little Araucana hen Goldie gasping for breath, making funny rasping noises and shaking her head, he thought she might be thirsty. The only problem was, there was plenty of water available to the flock.

Goldie was still eating, drinking and moving with the flock, she wasn't sneezing or coughing and seemed fine the rest of the time.

However, after the particularly bad attack of gasping, Martin got in touch with us to ask poultry expert Sue Clarke if she had any thoughts on what might be wrong.

"If a hen doesn't have any other symptoms of a respiratory problem (ie, runny nose, sneezing, coughing, runny eyes), then my first immediate thought is gapeworm," says Sue. "It's a parasite that lives in the flesh of the bird's throat and causes intermittent wheezing and gasping."

Many people mistake the difficulty a bird has with breathing as some kind of respiratory infection and may give their birds an antibiotic, but this doesn't help if it's gapeworm and the bird will continue to deteriorate.

Male and female gapeworm spend their whole lives joined to each other, embedding themselves in the throat of the a bird so they can feed off it and creating eggs that pass through the bird or are coughed out so the next generation can be eaten up by flies, earthworms, slugs and snails which then infect more members of the flock when they are eaten. Gapeworms can become so numerous they actually block the throat of an affected bird, stopping feed, water and eventually air from passing through, causing death.

Birds affected: all poultry, including water fowl and game birds, especially pheasants.

Symptoms

The symptoms of Syngamus trachea are obvious from its Latin name (trachea=throat) and its common name "gapeworm" as the first sign is a bird that is breathing with its mouth open (gaping), usually with its neck extended as its literally gasps for breath, often making a definite hissing sound.

Other symptoms: coughing, fast head-shaking (trying to clear its throat), loss of appetite, loss of condition, weakness, emaciation, grunting due to difficulty breathing

Young birds tend to get weak and deteriorate very quickly if badly affected, but adult birds tend to show fewer obvious signs, and some may show no signs at all.

Causes of death: suffocation, dehydration/starvation

Necropsy: long, bright-red worms, shaped like a Y, 5mm-20mm long, clumped in the trachea.

Treatment: Flubenol (available from www.nutritech.co.nz), a powdered worming product, or Aviverm (large birds), a specialist liquid bird wormer (available from vet clinics and pet stores).

Ongoing treatment: the gapeworm is incredibly hardy, and will remain viable in the soil for more than four years, infecting and reinfecting a flock. They are particularly dangerous to young birds, so rotation of pens is important, or better yet, if you can, quarantine all young birds from adults as a good preventative measure.

Rotary hoeing of soil and control of fly, snail and slug populations can also help prevent reinfection.

Treating birds with worms

One thing Goldie the Araucana's owners discovered was you can get a bird to medicated water, but making it drink is a whole other problem.

They used a dilution of Aviverm for large birds (around $17-$18 for a 50ml bottle) diluted in Goldie's drinking water. Firstly, weigh your bird, then work out a dose which is then added to drinking water.

In this instance, for treating gapeworm, it's important to use Flubenol or Aviverm as they contain the chemical levamisol which works to kill the adult worms. Ivermectin-based products will not kill adult gapeworms. Treat all your birds, not just the ones showing symptoms.

In Goldie's case, she didn't drink any of the water with the Aviverm in it, so her owners mixed up some of it with a little wet kitten food which she then ate. Aviverm can be used in a second dose 24 hours later in a severe case to make sure you get a good kill rate.

A couple of weeks later and Goldie's owners reported back that their formerly quite scatty bird was now doing a lot better, had stopped gasping and was happy to come up and eat out of their hands.

This article was provided by NZ Lifestyle Block, incorporating Growing Today magazine.
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